Physics News — September 2026
2026年9月の最新研究・発見(全16件・随時追加) — 査読論文・一次ソース付き / Peer-reviewed, with primary sources —
📰 2026年9月 のニュース / September 2026 (全16件・随時追加)
2026年9月(September 2026)に発表・注目された基礎物理学の最新ニュースと研究解説。一次ソース(DOI・arXiv・機関発表)付きで月内の項目を掲載しています。暗黒物質・宇宙論・素粒子・超伝導・量子情報など分野横断で、月の進行に合わせて随時追加していきます。Recent physics news and research explanations from September 2026, with primary sources — dark matter, cosmology, particle physics, superconductivity, quantum information and more. This page grows through September as new results appear.
For most of a century, physicists have tried to identify dark matter, the invisible substance thought to make up roughly 85% of the matter in the Universe. The LUX-ZEPLIN (LZ) experiment — a two-phase time projection chamber holding 10 tonnes of ultrapure liquid xenon (seven active tonnes), operating nearly a mile (1.6 km) underground at the Sanford Underground Research Facility in Lead, South Dakota — is the world’s most sensitive detector optimised for WIMPs (weakly interacting massive particles). It looks for the faint flashes of light and ionisation charge produced when a passing particle kicks a xenon nucleus. The collaboration of about 250 scientists and engineers from 39 institutions is managed by Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory.
On 1 September 2026, at the TeV Particle Astrophysics (TeVPA) conference in Tendo, Japan, LZ reported a search over an exposure of 2.84 tonne-years in which the nuclear-recoil energy window was deliberately extended up to about 270 keV. That extension targets effective-field-theory and inelastic dark-matter models in which high-energy recoils make up a larger share of the expected spectrum than in the standard spin-independent case. The team observed one event consistent with a nuclear recoil of 248 ± 23 (stat) ± 23 (sys) keV, in a region where the known background expectation is low. A profile-likelihood-ratio test finds tension with the background-only hypothesis at a global significance of 2.6σ after accounting for look-elsewhere effects, with a maximum local significance of 3.4σ across the models tested — roughly a 0.5% chance that the event comes from a known background.
This is emphatically not a discovery claim: the conventional threshold is 5σ, and a single unexplained event can either fade statistically as data accumulate or become the first member of a pattern. But the interpretation is intriguing. If the event was caused by a WIMP, that particle would have a mass of at least 200 GeV/c2 — more than 200 times the proton mass — and would point to a type of WIMP–nucleon interaction beyond the simplest model, which also sets a target for collider and indirect searches. LZ already holds the world’s largest dark-matter dataset and continues to accumulate WIMP-search data toward a planned 1,000 live days, which should settle whether the anomaly grows or disappears. The paper was posted on the collaboration’s website, is being released on arXiv and will be submitted to Physical Review Letters.
NASA’s Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope lifted off at 7:26 a.m. EDT on Sunday, 30 August 2026, aboard a SpaceX Falcon Heavy from Launch Complex 39A at Kennedy Space Center, Florida. About 70 minutes after launch the Deep Space Network took over communications, and one hour 23 minutes after liftoff the team confirmed deployment of the solar panels and the lower instrument sun shade. Roman is now on a roughly three-month, million-mile (1.5 million km) journey to a halo orbit around the Sun–Earth L2 point, the same neighbourhood as the James Webb Space Telescope; instrument checkouts begin en route, and the launch came about nine months ahead of the May 2027 readiness date NASA had committed to after its pandemic-era replan.
Roman pairs a Hubble-class 2.4-m mirror with a Wide Field Instrument whose field of view is at least 100 times larger than Hubble’s, plus a technology-demonstration Coronagraph Instrument to which the space agencies of Japan (JAXA), Europe and France and Germany’s Max Planck Institute all contributed. Its core surveys are designed to measure the growth of cosmic structure and the expansion history of the Universe — and hence the behaviour of dark energy — through weak gravitational lensing, baryon acoustic oscillations and Type Ia supernovae, to map dark matter, and to find thousands of exoplanets by gravitational microlensing toward the Galactic bulge. Over its lifetime it should record light from about a billion galaxies and return on the order of a terabyte of data per day.
The observatory is named for Nancy Grace Roman, NASA’s first chief of astronomy, often called the “mother of Hubble” for championing that telescope. For this site’s recurring themes, Roman is a direct successor to the supernova and BAO measurements at the heart of the still-unresolved cosmic-acceleration debate covered elsewhere on this page: its supernova and lensing surveys are exactly the kind of large, homogeneous datasets that both sides of that dispute say will be needed to settle it. Science operations are expected to begin in early 2027 once commissioning is complete.
Keywords: Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope, ローマン宇宙望遠鏡, NASA, Falcon Heavy, ファルコンヘビー, Sun-Earth L2, ラグランジュ点L2, dark energy, 暗黒エネルギー, dark matter, 暗黒物質, weak lensing, 弱い重力レンズ, baryon acoustic oscillation, バリオン音響振動, Type Ia supernova, Ia型超新星, exoplanet, 系外惑星, gravitational microlensing, 重力マイクロレンズ, Wide Field Instrument, coronagraph, コロナグラフ, JAXA, cosmology, 宇宙論, 物理学, physics
⚛️ / 探していた粒子は現れず、代わりに「2つの新しい構造」が見つかった——ジェファーソン研究所のGlueX実験が、高強度の偏光光子ビームを陽子標的に当てる光生成過程 γp→φπ⁺π⁻p で、2006年にBaBarが報告したエキゾチック候補Y(2175)を探索。Y(2175)は観測されず生成断面積に上限を設定した一方、約2.24 GeVにY(2240)(5σ超)、約1.82 GeVにX(1830)(3σ)という2つの構造を検出。ストレンジクォーク対とグルーオン励起を含むハイブリッド中間子やテトラクォークなど「XYZ状態」の正体に新データ(GlueX国際共同実験、Phys. Rev. Lett. 136巻25号、9月2日報道)
Since the early 2000s, experiments have turned up a growing zoo of hadrons whose quantum numbers and decays do not fit the original quark model of quark–antiquark mesons and three-quark baryons. Physicists lump them together as XYZ states; candidate explanations include hybrid mesons in which excited gluon fields contribute directly to the structure, four-quark tetraquarks, and molecule-like bound states of ordinary hadrons. In 2006 the BaBar experiment at SLAC reported one such candidate in the strangeonium (strange–antistrange) sector, Y(2175) at about 2.16 GeV, later confirmed by BES in China and Belle in Japan — but only ever in electron–positron annihilation.
The GlueX experiment in Hall D of Jefferson Lab was built precisely to hunt hybrid mesons. A thin diamond radiator converts the electron beam of the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF) into a polarised photon beam of unmatched intensity at these energies; millions of photons per second strike a liquid-hydrogen target and a large-acceptance spectrometer records the debris. Searching the reaction γp → φπ+π−p for Y(2175) produced by photoproduction, the collaboration found no signal at the expected mass and set an upper limit on the photoproduction cross section. Instead, two other structures appeared nearby: Y(2240) at roughly 2.24 GeV with a significance above 5σ, and X(1830) at roughly 1.82 GeV at about 3σ.
“We went searching for a confirmed XYZ candidate with a photon beam but instead found two other structures,” said Jefferson Lab staff scientist Malte Albrecht. Because these are the first XYZ-like signals seen in photoproduction, the production mechanism itself becomes a new discriminator: theorists can now ask which exotic quark–gluon configurations would appear in photon–proton collisions but not in e+e− annihilation, and which measurements would distinguish a hybrid from a tetraquark or a hadronic molecule. GlueX spokesperson Justin Stevens (William & Mary) says the result “opens the door for a whole new set of hadron spectroscopy measurements”, with far more data still to be analysed. Published in Physical Review Letters 136 (issue 25); announced by Jefferson Lab on 2 September 2026.
General relativity sets no lower limit on the mass of a black hole. In 1993, numerical simulations (Matthew Choptuik’s) of a collapsing scalar field revealed that black-hole formation has a sharp threshold with the hallmarks of a phase transition: tune the initial energy just below a critical value and the field disperses, leaving flat spacetime; tune it just above and a black hole forms, with a mass that scales as a universal power law. Exactly at the threshold sits a strange, unstable discretely self-similar solution in which the curvature of spacetime repeats itself in a regular pattern across space and time — a “spacetime crystal”, in the words of Daniel Grumiller of TU Wien, who compares it to water at 0 °C that will freeze into a regular ice lattice at the slightest nudge. Such conditions may have existed in the chaotic early Universe, making critical collapse relevant to primordial black holes. Yet for three decades no one could write down that solution analytically.
Christian Ecker (Goethe University Frankfurt), Florian Ecker and Daniel Grumiller (TU Wien) have now done so by a counter-intuitive detour: instead of working in four spacetime dimensions, they write the Einstein–Klein–Gordon equations in D dimensions and take the limit D → ∞. Remarkably, the equations become tractable there, and the team derives an exact, pen-and-paper formula for the discretely self-similar critical solution. The result can then be systematically improved with further approximation methods to move back toward lower dimensions, including our own four-dimensional spacetime. “Our technique turns out to be remarkably stable,” says Florian Ecker — a new method for black-hole phenomena that previously could only be studied numerically.
The work does not claim that our Universe has infinitely many dimensions; the large-D expansion is a mathematical tool, in the same spirit as large-N methods in gauge theory. What it offers is analytic control over one of the most delicate phenomena in classical gravity, and hence a way to probe how microscopic black holes form without relying entirely on supercomputer simulations. Published in Physical Review Letters 136 (issue 19); TU Wien press release, reported 30 August 2026.
Christian Ecker(フランクフルト・ゲーテ大学)、Florian EckerとDaniel Grumiller(ウィーン工科大学)は、直感に反する回り道でこれを成し遂げた。4次元時空で計算する代わりに、アインシュタイン–クライン・ゴルドン方程式をD次元で書き、極限D→∞を取ったのである。驚くべきことに、そこでは方程式が扱いやすくなり、チームは離散的自己相似な臨界解の厳密な公式を「紙と鉛筆」で導出した。得られた結果は、追加の近似法で系統的に改善して、私たちの4次元時空を含む低次元へと戻していくことができる。「この手法は驚くほど安定であることがわかった」とFlorian Eckerは言う。これまで数値計算でしか調べられなかったブラックホール現象に対する、新しい解析手法である。
Keywords: critical collapse, 臨界崩壊, Choptuik, チョプチュイク, discrete self-similarity, 離散的自己相似性, spacetime crystal, 時空の結晶, large D expansion, large-D展開, Einstein-Klein-Gordon, アインシュタイン–クライン・ゴルドン方程式, black hole formation, ブラックホール形成, primordial black hole, 原始ブラックホール, general relativity, 一般相対性理論, TU Wien, ウィーン工科大学, Goethe University Frankfurt, mathematical physics, 数理物理学, 物理学, physics
🍎 / ニュートンの逆二乗則は、数億光年離れた銀河団のあいだでも成り立っていた——アタカマ宇宙論望遠鏡(ACT)が観測した宇宙マイクロ波背景放射の「運動学的スニヤエフ・ゼルドビッチ効果」を用い、数十万個の銀河団の相対運動から宇宙論的スケールで重力の距離依存性を測定。史上最大スケールの重力の法則の検証で、結果はニュートン/アインシュタインの予言とほぼ一致。MONDなど「重力を修正して暗黒物質をなくす」モデルが予言する緩やかな減衰は見られず、暗黒物質の存在を補強する(P. A. Gallardo〔ペンシルベニア大学〕ら40名超、Phys. Rev. Lett. 136巻15号、ペンシルベニア大発表・8月24日報道)
Stars in the outskirts of galaxies, and galaxies inside clusters, move far too fast for the visible matter to hold them together. There are two ways out of this “massive discrepancy in the cosmic ledger”, as University of Pennsylvania cosmologist Patricio Gallardo puts it: either the Universe contains large amounts of unseen dark matter, or the law of gravity itself must be modified on large scales, as in MOND (Modified Newtonian Dynamics) and its relatives. The two options make different predictions for how the strength of gravity falls off with distance — and that is something one can measure, provided one can watch enormous masses pulling on each other across enormous distances.
Gallardo and more than 40 collaborators did exactly that with the Atacama Cosmology Telescope (ACT), an instrument developed largely by Penn researchers led by Mark Devlin. Their probe is the kinematic Sunyaev–Zeldovich (kSZ) effect: when the cosmic microwave background — light released about 380,000 years after the Big Bang — passes through the hot gas of a moving galaxy cluster, the cluster’s line-of-sight velocity imprints a tiny Doppler shift on it. Stacking these shifts over hundreds of thousands of galaxy clusters separated by tens to hundreds of millions of light-years gives the clusters’ pairwise infall velocities, which are set by how strongly gravity acts between them as a function of separation. This is the largest-scale test of the gravitational force law performed to date.
The result: the strength of gravity decreases with distance almost exactly as Newton’s inverse-square law — incorporated into Einstein’s general relativity — predicts. MOND-like models would have required a gentler decline, which the data do not show. “It is remarkable that the law of the inverse of the squares, proposed by Newton in the 17th century, is still holding its ground in the 21st century,” Gallardo says. Because modifying gravity does not account for the missing mass in these observations, the measurement strengthens the case for dark matter and the standard cosmological model, while saying nothing about what dark matter is made of. Future CMB measurements combined with larger galaxy surveys should sharpen the test further. Published in Physical Review Letters 136 (issue 15); announced by the University of Pennsylvania, reported 24 August 2026.
Hydrogen-rich superhydrides can superconduct near room temperature, but only under pressures above about 150 GPa. The class of metal clathrate superhydrides — metal atoms caged inside hydrogen frameworks — came to prominence in 2019, when LaH10 was shown to superconduct at a then-record 250–260 K. Yanming Ma’s group at Jilin University subsequently predicted that adding scandium should push the transition higher, and, according to the accompanying Physics synopsis, the group’s synthesised LaSc2H24 showed a critical temperature of 298 K at 260 GPa. What the original prediction could not explain was why scandium helps.
Using a more sophisticated model, Zefang Wang, Wenbo Zhao, Yuan Ma, Hanyu Liu and Yanming Ma now trace the difference to the electronic structure. In LaH10, an anisotropy in the band structure opens two distinct superconducting channels with two different gaps and two different transition temperatures, and this two-gap structure caps the overall Tc. In LaSc2H24 the scandium 3d orbitals act as bridges connecting the hydrogen 1s orbitals, providing a continuous pathway for electron transport that makes the band structure more isotropic and unifies the two gaps into one. The scandium atoms also distort and soften the H–H bonds, strengthening the lattice vibrations (phonons) that mediate the pairing and raising Tc further.
The lesson is a design rule rather than a single material: isotropising the electronic structure of a clathrate superhydride is a route to higher transition temperatures. The team’s next target is the related compound La2ScH36, which they predict could go higher still. The catch remains the megabar pressure, which keeps these materials in the realm of diamond-anvil-cell physics rather than technology — as with all superhydride results, independent replication of the experimental Tc is essential. Published in Physical Review B 114, 154501 on 1 September 2026, highlighted as a synopsis in Physics.
得られた教訓は一つの物質というより設計指針である。クラスレート型超水素化物の電子構造を等方化することが、より高い転移温度への道になる。チームの次の標的は、さらに高いTcが予測される関連化合物La₂ScH₃₆だ。難点は依然としてメガバール級の圧力で、これらの物質は技術というよりダイヤモンドアンビルセル物理の領域にとどまる——そして超水素化物の常として、実験的Tcの独立な再現が不可欠である。Physical Review B 114, 154501に2026年9月1日掲載、Physics誌のSynopsisで紹介。
Bilayer nickelates — oxides in which nickel–oxygen double perovskite layers alternate with rare-earth rock-salt layers — became the newest family of high-temperature superconductors in 2023, when bulk crystals were reported to superconduct at up to about 80 K under high pressure. In 2024, thin films whose in-plane lattice was compressed by epitaxial strain from the substrate were found to superconduct above 40 K at ambient pressure. Two routes to the same physics, apparently — but nobody had compared them in a single sample, so how the high-pressure and ambient-pressure superconducting states are related remained unknown.
A team from the University of Tokyo, RIKEN’s Center for Emergent Matter Science and Tohoku University — Motoki Osada, Atsushi Tsukazaki, Yoshinori Tokura, Ryotaro Arita and colleagues — grew strained La2LnNi2O7 films (Ln = rare earth) by pulsed-laser deposition followed by ozone treatment, mapped how the transition temperature varies systematically with the rare-earth element and lattice, characterised the ambient-pressure state in pulsed magnetic fields up to 59 tesla, and then squeezed the films in a cubic-anvil press up to 20 GPa. The ambient-pressure Tc of about 40 K rose steadily with pressure, reaching 67 K in La2SmNi2O7 and up to 73 K in La2NdNi2O7 at 16 GPa — approaching the regime reported for bulk crystals. Under pressure the resistivity also showed a two-step drop, a characteristic new transition observed here for the first time.
By comparing the pressure dependence with the rare-earth dependence at ambient pressure, the group finds that what matters for a high Tc is not simply the size of the unit cell but the ratio of in-plane to out-of-plane lattice constants and the electronic structure that follows from it — a knob that both epitaxial strain and hydrostatic pressure turn, in different ways. This is the first experimental demonstration connecting the two superconducting regimes in the same material system, and it points toward designing higher-Tc nickelates by controlling crystal structure and electronic states. Published online in Nature Materials on 18 August 2026; press release 20 August.
Quantum networks promise communication that cannot be eavesdropped on, but quantum information is fragile and, because an unknown quantum state cannot be copied, anything lost in transit is lost for good. Quantum teleportation — transferring an unknown state using entanglement shared in advance plus a classical message — is the workaround, but it is usually done one state at a time, which makes transmitting anything as complex as an image impractically slow. Earlier attempts to send states in parallel relied on multiplexing several channels into the properties of a single beam, at the cost of complicated decoding at the receiver and little ability for the sender to manipulate channels individually.
Jietai Jing’s group at East China Normal University now demonstrates a scheme with far greater bandwidth. A spatial light modulator patterns the transverse profile of a laser beam into a 10 × 10 grid of 100 distinct spatial modes, each of which can be controlled independently to form a pixelated image. To teleport the image, the sender mixes the information-carrying light field with one half of a pair of entangled light fields shared beforehand with the receiver — the interaction scrambles the transmitted information — and when the receiver combines the scrambled field with the other half of the entangled resource, the full 100-pixel image is reconstructed all at once. Because each channel is an independent spatial mode, the layout is reconfigurable and the sender can address any subset of pixels.
The demonstration is a multimode implementation rather than a record for fidelity or distance, but it addresses the bandwidth bottleneck directly: the number of quantum states teleported in one shot scales with the number of spatial modes, which spatial light modulators can push well beyond 100. That makes it a natural building block for image-level quantum communication and for scaling up quantum networks. Published in Physical Review Letters 137, 080801 on 20 August 2026 and highlighted in a Physics synopsis.
A typical pure state of a quantum many-body system is nothing like a thermal state as a whole, yet if you can only observe and manipulate its particles one at a time it is almost indistinguishable from thermal equilibrium — a fact at the heart of how isolated quantum systems thermalise. Thermodynamics offers a sharp way to phrase this: no work can be extracted from a thermal state, and with local operations alone almost none can be extracted from a typical quantum state either, whereas an agent who can manipulate the whole system freely can exploit its correlations to extract work proportional to the system size. What happens in between — when each particle can be operated on and measured individually and the outcomes shared by classical communication, the setting known as LOCC — was not understood.
Toshihiro Yada, Nobuyuki Yoshioka and Takahiro Sagawa (University of Tokyo) formalise the thermodynamic work extractable under LOCC, a task made hard by the adaptive protocols LOCC allows, in which later operations depend on earlier measurement results. Their key result is an inequality bounding the extractable work from above by the geometric entanglement of the state, a measure of how far it lies from any unentangled state. From this it follows that states with very strong multipartite entanglement — Haar-random states, for instance — yield no extensive work even under LOCC and are therefore thermodynamically equivalent to thermal states in this operational sense. Conversely, states that look thermal locally but have comparatively simple entanglement structure do allow work proportional to system size once classical communication is added.
The upshot is a classification of quantum many-body states by how “thermal” they are under realistic, intermediate levels of control, keyed to the structure of their entanglement rather than to their local appearance. Beyond the foundations of quantum statistical mechanics, the framework quantifies how much of the information and correlations in a quantum state can actually be cashed out as work with a given set of operations — a design principle for quantum heat engines that exploit precise control of many-body systems. Published online in Physical Review Letters on 21 August 2026; press release 24 August.
Keywords: quantum thermodynamics, 量子熱力学, extractable work, 取り出せる仕事, LOCC, local operations and classical communication, 局所操作と古典通信, thermal state, 熱平衡状態, thermalization, 熱平衡化, multipartite entanglement, 多体量子もつれ, geometric entanglement, 幾何学的エンタングルメント, Haar random state, Haarランダム状態, quantum heat engine, 量子熱機関, University of Tokyo, 東京大学, Takahiro Sagawa, 沙川貴大, Physical Review Letters, quantum many-body physics, 量子多体物理, 物理学, physics
🎭 / 「単一ギャップ」に見えた超伝導は、実は2つの超伝導秩序が強く結合した"デュエット"だった——ヘブライ大学のチームが、数原子層のNbSe₂とTaS₂に対する高感度トンネル分光で、単一の超伝導秩序では再現できなかったエネルギースペクトルの形状と磁場応答を、強く相互作用する2つの超伝導秩序(2バンド超伝導)を含むモデルで説明。バルクNbSe₂では3つの秩序が絡み合っている可能性も示唆し、量子デバイス材料としての2次元超伝導体の設計に指針を与える(S. Simon・M. Klang・O. Millo・H. Steinberg、Phys. Rev. Lett. 137巻1号、2026年8月31日報道)
Niobium diselenide (NbSe2) is one of the most thoroughly studied two-dimensional superconductors, and when thinned to a few atomic layers it appeared to behave simply: a single superconducting energy gap, the quantity that encodes how electrons pair to flow without resistance. Yet the detailed shape of its superconducting spectrum had never been fully reproduced by single-gap theory — a small discrepancy that hinted the simple picture was incomplete.
Using highly sensitive tunnelling spectroscopy on few-layer NbSe2 and the closely related TaS2, Shahar Simon, Maya Klang, Oded Millo and Hadar Steinberg of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem show that each material in fact hosts two distinct superconducting orders that interact so strongly they masquerade as one — “like listening to what sounds like a single singer, only to discover it’s a perfectly synchronised duet.” A two-band model reproduces the measured spectra far more accurately than the conventional one and also accounts for the materials’ response to applied magnetic fields. The analysis further suggests that bulk NbSe2 may contain three interacting superconducting orders.
The finding resolves a long-standing puzzle and matters beyond bookkeeping: transition-metal dichalcogenide superconductors are candidates for Josephson devices, hybrid qubits and topological platforms, and knowing that their pairing lives on multiple coupled bands changes how one should engineer interfaces, proximity effects and field responses. Published in Physical Review Letters 137 (issue 1); Hebrew University press release, reported 31 August 2026.
The wavefunction is the central object of quantum mechanics, yet it cannot be observed directly. Inside molecules, the electron wavefunctions — the molecular orbitals — determine how a molecule absorbs light and reacts, so a complete three-dimensional picture of one would be enormously informative. Photoemission orbital tomography gets part of the way: the momentum distribution of electrons photo-emitted from oriented molecules on a surface is essentially the squared magnitude of the orbital’s Fourier transform, which yields one half of the information (the amplitude) without disturbing the state; the missing phase must then be recovered by a reconstruction algorithm. Extending this to full 3D has so far required long measurement campaigns at synchrotron facilities, which has made it nearly impossible to image changing wavefunctions as movies.
An interdisciplinary team at the University of Göttingen led by Stefan Mathias and G. S. Matthijs Jansen, with first author Wiebke Bennecke and mathematician D. Russell Luke, now reconstructs the complete 3D molecular orbital of a nanometre-sized organic molecule, resolving features smaller than the spacing between its carbon atoms, entirely in the laboratory. Two ingredients make this possible: a reconstruction algorithm redesigned from the ground up that produces reliable 3D images from far less experimental data, and a table-top, high-power soft-X-ray/extreme-ultraviolet source that delivers ultrashort, femtosecond pulses.
Because that light source is pulsed, the technique is inherently time-resolved. “This might mean that stroboscopic videography becomes a reality,” says Bennecke — watching not just the shape of a wavefunction but how it changes with femtosecond resolution as a molecule responds to light, charge or chemical change, and ultimately learning to steer those interactions at the level of a few atoms. Published in Nature Communications 17 (2026); University of Göttingen press release, reported 24 August 2026.
ゲッティンゲン大学のStefan MathiasとG. S. Matthijs Jansenが率い、筆頭著者Wiebke Benneckeと数学者D. Russell Lukeを含む学際チームは今回、ナノメートルサイズの有機分子の完全な3次元分子軌道を、炭素原子間の間隔より小さい構造まで分解して、すべて実験室内で再構成した。それを可能にしたのは2つの要素だ。根本から設計し直され、はるかに少ない実験データから信頼できる3次元像を生成する再構成アルゴリズムと、フェムト秒の超短パルスを出す卓上型の高出力軟X線/極端紫外光源である。
The popular picture of quantum hacking is factoring large integers, but roughly 90% of deployed public-key cryptography today instead rests on the elliptic-curve discrete-logarithm problem — the mathematics behind web security, software authentication, electronic passports and the transaction signatures of Bitcoin and Ethereum. A classical computer would need a billion years or more to break it; Shor-type quantum algorithms could do it in principle, but earlier resource estimates put the requirement at millions of physical qubits, comfortably beyond any foreseeable machine.
Ryan Babbush of Google Quantum AI and colleagues — including Craig Gidney, Hartmut Neven, Ethereum researcher Justin Drake and Stanford cryptographer Dan Boneh — have re-evaluated that estimate using a new hacking algorithm and recent advances in quantum error correction. For security reasons they withhold the algorithm’s details, instead supplying a zero-knowledge proof of its efficacy (a cryptographer has since reconstructed a full version from the published hints, arXiv:2606.02235). Their conclusion: a superconducting quantum computer with about 500,000 physical qubits and roughly 80 million gates could break elliptic-curve cryptography in under ten minutes — a twenty-fold reduction in qubit count from prior estimates, and a runtime short enough to threaten cryptocurrency transactions during the brief window in which a public key is exposed. A separate estimate by the company Oratomic for slower but lower-error reconfigurable neutral-atom qubits comes in at about 26,000 physical qubits, at the cost of a runtime of several days (arXiv:2603.28627).
Quantum computers today have passed 1,000 qubits and their error rates keep falling, so “Q-Day” depends on hardware as much as on algorithms; Scott Aaronson (UT Austin) calls the results “reasonable” and says they appear to shorten the timeline. The authors urge migration to post-quantum cryptography “without delay”, and Stephanie Simmons (Simon Fraser University) adds a sobering note: the publicly known state of the art “is unlikely to be the actual state of the art.” Published in PRX Quantum 7, 031001 on 21 August 2026; featured as a Physics Focus story.
For 21 years NASA’s Neil Gehrels Swift Observatory has been the workhorse of time-domain astronomy: when its Burst Alert Telescope catches a gamma-ray burst or other sudden outburst, the spacecraft slews within minutes and alerts observatories worldwide, a capability central to the study of gamma-ray bursts, tidal disruption events, magnetar flares and the electromagnetic counterparts of gravitational-wave sources. Swift sits in low Earth orbit and has no propulsion of its own, so atmospheric drag slowly pulls it down — and the Sun’s recent high activity has heated and expanded the upper atmosphere, accelerating the decay far beyond what was planned.
In September 2025 NASA contracted Katalyst Space to attempt something never done before for a science satellite: fly a servicing spacecraft, LINK, to Swift, capture it and boost it to a higher orbit, all within a year. LINK launched in July 2026 on a Northrop Grumman Pegasus rocket, but developed attitude-control problems, and on 19 August NASA and Katalyst announced that the capture and reboost would not be attempted; LINK will still perform rendezvous and proximity operations near Swift to test in-space servicing technologies. Meanwhile Swift had been placed in a low-drag configuration, with the Ultraviolet/Optical Telescope and X-ray Telescope switched off in February and the Burst Alert Telescope idled in April to save power and reorient the solar panels.
With the rescue off the table, NASA switched the UVOT and XRT back on on 26 August and expects to return the Burst Alert Telescope to data collection within a few weeks, collecting as much science as possible. The critical threshold is an altitude of about 300 km (185 miles): below it, operating the telescope becomes difficult and the orbit decays faster still. Earlier estimates had Swift staying above that line until October; the team now expects to reach it within one to two months. Part of Swift’s rapid-response role can be taken up by newer missions such as the Einstein Probe and SVOM, but its loss will be felt across multi-messenger astronomy.
The 1998 discovery of cosmic acceleration rests on Type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia) being standardizable candles — on the assumption that, once corrected for light-curve shape and colour, their intrinsic brightness does not drift with cosmic time. In late 2025 a Yonsei University team reported that this assumption fails: standardized SN Ia magnitude correlates with the stellar-population age of the progenitor, and because host ages evolve systematically with redshift, an uncorrected age bias would mimic exactly the dimming that acceleration was inferred from. After applying their age correction, the supernova sample became consistent with a non-accelerating, rapidly evolving dark-energy (w0waCDM) universe — and, strikingly, with the independent, supernova-free constraints DESI derives from baryon acoustic oscillations (BAO).
In June 2026 an international group led by the University of Southampton (including two Nobel laureates) published a rebuttal in MNRAS, arguing that the Yonsei analysis omitted the standard host-galaxy stellar-mass correction, and that once it is applied no residual age dependence survives; they also argued that progenitor ages evolve with redshift far less steeply than host-galaxy ages do.
The Yonsei team has now answered that rebuttal in MNRAS. Their central technical point is that the Southampton host-age–Hubble-residual slope is severely underestimated because their combined SN sample spans an unusually wide redshift range (0.04 < z < 0.42), over which the mean host age itself evolves by roughly 3 Gyr; supernovae with very different host ages are therefore assigned similar Hubble residuals before regression, artificially flattening the inferred age–residual relation. They further argue that the rebuttal emphasised the reduced age evolution while overlooking the accompanying increase in the age-bias slope — when both effects are treated consistently, the resulting correction, and hence the cosmological conclusion, is close to that of their original study. The dispute is not settled, and neither paper is a proof; what has changed is that the question of whether cosmic acceleration is an artefact of supernova standardization is once again live. Larger, homogeneous samples from the Vera C. Rubin Observatory are widely expected to provide the next test.
今回、延世大チームがこの反論にMNRAS誌上で再反論した。技術的な核心は、サウサンプトン側が導いた「母銀河年齢とハッブル残差の傾き」が大幅に過小評価されているという指摘である。彼らの統合サンプルは0.04 < z < 0.42という異例に広い赤方偏移範囲にまたがり、その間に母銀河の平均年齢自体が約30億年も進化する。そのため、母銀河年齢が大きく異なる超新星に回帰前からほぼ同じハッブル残差が割り当てられ、年齢と残差の関係が人為的に平坦化されてしまうという。さらに、反論は「年齢進化が小さくなること」だけを強調し、それに伴って年齢バイアスの傾きが大きくなることを見落としている——両者を整合的に扱えば、補正量も宇宙論的結論も当初の研究とほとんど変わらない、というのが延世大側の主張だ。決着はついておらず、どちらの論文も証明ではない。変わったのは、「宇宙加速膨張は超新星の標準光源化に伴うアーティファクトではないか」という問いが再び生きた問題になった、という点である。ヴェラ・ルービン天文台による大規模で均質なサンプルが次の検証の場になると期待されている。
Keywords: Type Ia supernova, Ia型超新星, cosmic acceleration, 宇宙加速膨張, dark energy, 暗黒エネルギー, progenitor age bias, 前駆天体年齢バイアス, standardizable candle, 標準光源, host galaxy mass step, 質量ステップ, Hubble residual, ハッブル残差, w0waCDM, DESI, BAO, バリオン音響振動, Yonsei University, 延世大学, University of Southampton, MNRAS, Vera C. Rubin Observatory, ルービン天文台, cosmology, 宇宙論, 物理学, physics
🕳️ / 宇宙に満ちる「重力波のハム音」は、130億年以上前のダークスターの残骸が奏でているのかもしれない——暗黒物質を熱源とする原始星が崩壊してできた超大質量ブラックホールの種が、パルサータイミングアレイのナノヘルツ重力波背景を支配しうると解析。逆にPTAの測定値を「初期種ブラックホールの存在量の上限」に読み替えられることを示す(Ghodla・Ilie、コルゲート大学、Phys. Rev. D Letter掲載)
In 2023, pulsar timing arrays (PTAs) reported a nanohertz stochastic gravitational-wave background — a faint, all-sky “hum” detected by watching millisecond pulsars for tiny, correlated timing deviations. The conventional explanation is a cosmic population of inspiralling supermassive black-hole binaries. But that explanation inherits an unsolved problem: how the first supermassive black holes grew so large so early, a puzzle sharpened by JWST’s over-massive early black holes.
Sohan Ghodla and Cosmin Ilie (Colgate University) connect the two. They follow the cosmological evolution of black holes grown from two candidate classes of early, heavy seed: direct-collapse black holes, and the remnants of supermassive Dark Stars — hypothetical primordial stars whose luminosity is powered by dark-matter (WIMP) annihilation heating rather than nuclear fusion, which stay cool and extended while accreting and can reach ~106 solar masses before collapsing. Modelling the host halos, merger rates and resulting strain spectrum, they find that the Dark Star channel can reach and even dominate the measured PTA background, whereas the much rarer direct-collapse population yields a substantially weaker signal.
The more useful consequence runs the other way: because overproducing seeds would overproduce the hum, the PTA measurement becomes an upper limit on the abundance of supermassive black-hole seeds formed at redshift z > 10. In their models, seed number densities in the 10−2–10−1 Mpc−3 range would already overshoot the observed background, with the exact threshold depending on the mass of the dark-matter halos in which the seeds formed. The framework also confirms that binaries with total mass above 109 solar masses generate the overwhelming majority of the PTA signal. Published as a Letter in Physical Review D on 17 August 2026; testing the picture will require both improved PTA sensitivity and better censuses of early black holes.
Scaling quantum computers beyond a single chip requires distributed entanglement between physically separated modules. In practice that has meant active schemes: repeated measurement, heralding and feedback, all of which add control overhead and latency. An alternative was proposed more than twenty years ago — engineer the qubits’ environment so that dissipation itself drives them into an entangled steady state — but it had never been realized for remote qubits.
A team at the Institute of Science and Technology Austria (ISTA) has now done it. A Josephson parametric converter generates microwave photons in a two-mode squeezed state; its two correlated outputs travel roughly 50 cm of coaxial line to two separate transmon qubits. That correlated field acts as a non-local reservoir — a “quantum bath” — whose dissipation continuously pushes the pair toward an entangled steady state close to a Bell state, with no measurement and no feedback. The state was verified by quantum-state tomography, reconstructing the two-qubit density matrix from many measurement bases.
The team reports that the entanglement is preserved about as well as with conventional continuous and discrete active schemes, while the measured concurrence remains modest, reaching no more than roughly 10% — limited by imperfect waveguide couplings, line losses and an unexpectedly large mismatch between the two qubits’ decay rates, not by the principle. The authors argue the approach should scale well precisely because the squeezing is generated over a bandwidth broader than the qubit linewidth, which suits multi-mode, longer-distance and higher-rate networks. Published in Physical Review X (ISTA press release 14 July 2026; recirculated by ScienceDaily on 31 August 2026); the ISTA group is separately pursuing microwave-to-optical links for connecting distant processors over fibre.